{"id":6748,"date":"2022-04-07T14:04:50","date_gmt":"2022-04-07T11:04:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/1-sayi\/"},"modified":"2025-12-30T09:15:17","modified_gmt":"2025-12-30T06:15:17","slug":"issue-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/issue-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Issue 1"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Contents<\/a><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0130\u00e7 Bat\u0131 Anadolu Mimarisi: Neolitik\u2019ten Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019na Yerle\u015fmelerin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Architecture of Central Western Anatolia: The Beginning and Development of Settlements from the Neolithic Period to the Iron Age<\/i><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Erkan F\u0130DAN<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septem Artes 1 (2023) 1-16 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984514<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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This research aims to illustrate the architectural development from the Neolithic until the Iron Age in Central Western Anatolia, covering the area between Central Anatolia and the Aegean coast. Bilecik Bah\u00e7elievler from ca. 7000 BC is the oldest known open-air settlement in this region so far. Other settlements from the later stages of the same millennium include Barc\u0131n, Badema\u011fac\u0131, and Ek\u015fi H\u00f6y\u00fck, all from different parts of Central Western Anatolia. The northwestern part of the region stands out with the Neolithic Fikirtepe Culture, characterized by wattle-and-daub pit-houses with a circular or oval plan. The architectural development in the Early Chalcolithic can be observed in Il\u0131p\u0131nar and Aktoprakl\u0131k, whereas the later stages of the Chalcolithic are relatively poor in appearance. During this period, safe shelters in caves or on natural heights replaced the lowland settlements from previous periods. The few architectural remains
from this later stage of the Chalcolithic demonstrate a poorer quality. Some scholars claim a link between
the architectural regression of this period with climate change. The region seems to have been densely resettled for the first time at the end of the Chalcolithic; especially the end of the 4th and the 3rd millennia provide strong evidence of architectural remains. The middle of the 3rd millennium BC witnessed a population explosion. Another significant contribution of this period has been the first evidence of administrative buildings which, for the first time in this region, reflect the presence of a ruling elite in settlement planning. Settlements typically smaller than 4-5 ha in size include Demircih\u00fcy\u00fck, K\u00fcll\u00fcoba, Ke\u00e7i\u00e7ay\u0131r\u0131,
and Seyit\u00f6mer in the North; Kandilk\u0131r\u0131, Kakl\u0131k, and Karao\u011flan Mevkii at the center; as well as Hac\u0131lar
B\u00fcy\u00fck H\u00f6y\u00fck, Karata\u015f-Semay\u00fck, and Badema\u011fac\u0131 in the southern Antalya-Burdur region, all of which
comprise adjacent buildings, surrounding a court at the center. These sites were designed as self-enclosed settlements housing a limited number of residents. In the relatively large settlement of Beycesultan, the layers belonging to the 3rd millennium BC could only be partly excavated. Another large settlement of the
region is Tav\u015fanl\u0131 H\u00f6y\u00fck, where archaeological excavations have just started. However, geoarchaeological
results suggest an extended lower city with house blocks surrounded by neatly designed streets. The second half of the 3rd millennium BC is characterized by a transition in the region. In this era of centralization, small settlements have been mostly abandoned, whereas central settlements of larger sizes have been es-
tablished. This phenomenon is usually explained by climate change. The following 2nd millennium BC defines the first real urbanization in this region with the appearance of the earliest monumental palaces. The low number of excavations related to this era, however, prevents a clear picture of the region. Around 1200
BC, which coincides with the end of the Bronze Age, the number of settlements in this region dropped
dramatically. The few surviving settlements represent the character of small villages.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

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Seramiklerde Yer Alan Yaz\u0131lar\u0131n Tespiti ve Korunmas\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik \u00d6nlemler: Ge\u00e7 Antik ve Bizans D\u00f6nemi \u00d6rnekleri \u00dczerinden Bir De\u011ferlendirme<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Precautions for Detection and Protection of Inscriptions on Ceramics: Evaluation on Examples from Late Antiquity and Byzantine Period<\/i><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00dclk\u00fc KARA<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septem Artes 1 (2023) 17-28 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984577<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Along with pottery, other ceramic objects were produced and used for various purposes in antiquity. Almost all of these pottery and object groups are known to bear inscriptions on them. These inscriptions might indicate their functions or the objects may serve as writing materials in the secondary context. The\npottery and objects that served as writing materials are defined as \u201costraca\u201d (sg. ostracon). The inscriptions regarding the functions of the vessels\/objects are also among the most frequently encountered groups of inscribed finds during the excavations. Decorations and inscriptions can be seen only on the exterior surface of intact vessels, whereas on both the interior and exterior surfaces of objects, open-shaped vessels, or broken vessel fragments. Storage, transportation, ceremonial or kitchen\/service vessels, architectural object pieces, tiles, bricks, water pipes, bases, unguentaria, pithoi, amphorae etc., form the groups bearing the highest number of inscriptions. There are inscriptions on the surface of the vessels, consisting of more than one line or a single letter. Motifs accompanying the inscriptions, as well as decorations without\ninscriptions, can be seen almost everywhere on the vessel or ceramic object. These inscriptions can be\ngraffito (incised inscriptions) or dipinto (painted\/inky inscriptions) or they can also be observed within the stamps. Graffiti on ceramic objects and vessels can be divided into two main groups ante-cocturam (before firing) and post-cocturam (after firing) inscriptions. Dipinti are mostly in dark red, sometimes black, and rarely in other colours. The identification and preservation process of these inscriptions, from\ndiscovery to documentation, from conservation to storage, requires a relatively more careful approach than other artefacts. The main subject of the present study covers the conservation methods and phases which lead these inscriptions into the archaeological literature. In this process, the condition of the arte-\nfacts and the inscriptions, as well as the technique in which the inscription was written, play a crucial role. Due to the organic ink\/paint used to paint the dipinti, these inscriptions rarely have survived to the present day. Moreover, the surviving examples need rapid intervention to prevent them from being erased or destroyed. In the case of graffiti, the degree of abrasion of the surface and the phase inscription was written on (before or after firing) should be considered. The diligent work of archaeologists taking part in the field and laboratory and conservators to whom the artefacts are entrusted is crucial for preserving the inscriptions.\nWhen an intact vessel or shard\/shards is recovered, the parts and fragments (depending on the function of the inscription) that may bear inscriptions should be simply examined. The conditions of the find spots of ceramics are crucial for the first precautions to be taken and the preservation of the ceramics. The exam-\nples recovered from densely calcareous soils may be covered with a calcareous layer, while those from the\nsea may be covered with shells. The first practice to determine the presence of inscriptions is mechanical cleaning. Besides, epigraphical, or unepigraphic stamps can also be counted among the finds requiring a\ncautious approach and preservation considering the condition of the surface they imprinted on. Although rare, in some examples, the inscriptions or stamps can be applied to the surfaces formed by other materials on potteries. Puzzolana and puzzolana-like mortars, clay, and resin might be highlighted as examples of these surfaces. In addition, there is able to be some problems that come up during preservation and\nconservation. The chronological scope of this study covers the Late Antiquity and the Byzantine Period.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Uzay\u0131n ve Geometrinin Do\u011fas\u0131 \u00dczerine Titanlar\u0131n M\u00fccadelesi: Newton, Leibniz, Kant ve Gauss<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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The Clash Of The Titan\u2019s On The Nature Of Space And Geometry: Newton, Leibniz, Kant and Gauss<\/i><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Din\u00e7er \u00c7EV\u0130K<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septem Artes 1 (2023) 29-42 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984600<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Being fundamental problems of ontology and epistemology, space and time play an important role in natural sciences and philosophical systems. The discussions on the nature of space can be traced back to ancient times. On the other hand, at the end of his analysis of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\u2019s arguments on the nature of space and time, Immanuel Kant called them as pure forms of intuition, which is\none of the milestones in the history of philosophy. Pursuant to his analysis, Kant shapes his own philosophy of space and geometry. Determining space and time as pure forms of intuition is an important part of what is called \u201cCopernican Revolution\u201d.\nThe first step in the nature of space\u2019s ontological analysis requires examining the \u201cabsolute space\u201d and\n\u201crelational space\u201d debate between Newton and Leibniz, which is among the historical roots of this history, and the position taken by Kant between these two conceptions. Although Newton originally formulated his conception of space and time in response to another rationalist Ren\u00e9 Descartes\u2019s views, by the turn of the eighteenth century, Newton and his supporters were a party to an extensive debate with Leibniz and his followers. While Newton established absolute space as a substantive entity and argued that the human\nmind cannot grasp the sensory content of this substantial entity, Leibniz perceives the space as a continuous relationship between things in the world and argues that the human mind can grasp it through the process of abstraction.\nAccording to Kant, mathematics, is a body of synthetic a priori knowledge and the pure forms of intuitions, space and time, are the formal conditions for all possible experience. For Kant mathematical \nknowledge is objectively valid for all possible experiences by means of pure forms of intuitions. In particular, arithmetic is concerned with the pure intuition of time; Geometry, with the pure intuition of space.\nKant\u2019s fundamental question problematizes the epistemological state of the axioms of geometry. If these axioms were not analytical truths, they had to be synthetic. On the other hand, synthetic propositions do not contain necessary links. Kant\u2019s theory of space and geometry stands in contrast to that of Leibniz, whose account of space is in-\ntelligible through arguments in his Discourse on Metaphysics and Monadology. His arguments are based\n\non principles of Sufficent Reason and The Identity of Indiscernibles which translates no two objects have\n\nexactly the same properties. Leibniz claims that the principle of sufficent reason is required if we are to pur-\nsue mathematics to metaphysics and natural sciences. Hence, in the article based on these two principles\n\nLeibniz\u2019s argument on the nature of space against Newton is reconstructed.\nCarl F. Gauss is another important figure in the history and philosophy of geometry. Above all, Gauss\nwas one of the pioneers of non-Euclidean geometry. According to Kant, real geometry should be Euclidean,\nwhile Gauss attempts to indicate the possibility of different geometries. Although Gauss was successful\nin showing that other geometries were possible, he hesitated to publish his work, fearing \u201cthe Boethian\nclamor\u201d. Newtonian physics was the dominant paradigm when Gauss continued his studies on space. As\nstated in the chapter on Newton\u2019s understanding of space, real, absolute and mathematical space had to be\nEuclidean for Newton.\nIn this context, first I examine the claims made by Leibniz and Newton on the nature of space. Then, I\nwill present my analysis as to how Kant was affected by his reading of Leibniz-Kant correspondence. Lastly,\nI will locate Gauss, who is among the most influential mathematicians, within the context of discussions\non the nature of space and geometry. At the end of the analysis, it will be seen that comparing Gauss and\nKant in the context of nature and geometry would result in more similarities and differences claimed.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Archaic Mortaria: Observations on their Distributions and Use in the Eastern Mediterranean<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Arkaik Mortarlar: Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m ve Kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00dczerine Bir G\u00f6zlem<\/i><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Gamze HASDEM\u0130R-BOZKU\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septem Artes 1 (2023) 43-54 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984619<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma M\u00d6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanan ve Arkaik D\u00f6nem\u2019de daha yayg\u0131n hale gelen\nmortarlar\u0131n ticari faaliyetlerdeki yerini incelemeyi ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.\nMortarlar\u0131n en erken \u00f6rnekleri Neolitik D\u00f6nem\u2019de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cEzgi Ta\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak bilinen bu ta\u015f kaplar\u0131n mortarlar\u0131n prototipi oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. Tun\u00e7 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda ise \u00fc\u00e7 ayakl\u0131 k\u00e2se bi\u00e7iminde ta\u015f\nmalzemeden yap\u0131lan mortarlar genel olarak \u00f6nc\u00fc \u00f6rnekler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Arkaik D\u00f6nem\u2019de\n\nta\u015f malzemenin yerini pi\u015fmi\u015f topra\u011f\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak Klasik D\u00f6nem ile tekrar ta\u015f \u00f6rnek-\nlerin piyasaya girdi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmelidir. Mortarlar\u0131n \u00fcretiminde ya\u015fanan bu malzeme de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini dikkatli\n\nyorumlamak gerekmektedir. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015fin getirdi\u011fi yeniliklerle beraber de\u011fi\u015fen ve geli\u015fen mutfak\nk\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de etkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r.\nTa\u015f\u0131ma ve kullanma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan pratik olan mortarlar, \u00f6ncelikle domestik k\u00fclt\u00fcrde kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\nAntik D\u00f6nem\u2019de mutfak k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Havaneli ile kullan\u0131lan bu kaplar, \u00e7e\u015fitli\n\nyiyecek ve baharatlar\u0131n \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclmesi ya da ezilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6\u011f\u00fctme-ezme i\u015flevine ek olarak i\u00e7erisin-\nde yemeklerin de haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve soslu ya da baharatl\u0131 peynirlerin yap\u0131m\u0131nda mortarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131\n\n\u00e7ok fonksiyonlu olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca mortarlar\u0131n zemininde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen a\u015f\u0131nma izleri havaneli\nkullan\u0131m\u0131ndan kaynaklanan a\u011f\u0131r bir i\u015fleme maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.\n\nM\u00d6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019in bir\u00e7ok yerle\u015fiminde varl\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Mortarlar ge-\nnel olarak, uzak mesafe ticaretinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6stergesi olan ticari amphoralarla birlikte seyahat etmi\u015ftir.\n\nMortarlar\u0131n gemi kargolar\u0131nda amphoralarla birlikte g\u00f6r\u00fclmeleri, kullan\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015fmalara neden\n\nolmu\u015ftur. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc kab\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilecekleri belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca arpa, bu\u011fday ve \u00e7e-\n\u015fitli kuru g\u0131dalar ile ya\u011f (zeytin ya\u011f\u0131?) gibi g\u0131dalar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm i\u015fleminde (\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc arac\u0131 olarak) kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabi-\nlecekleri ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu kullan\u0131mlara ek olarak \u00f6l\u00fc g\u00f6mme rit\u00fcellerinde, mezar hediyesi, urne, pithos\n\nve amphora kapa\u011f\u0131 olarak da kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\nMortarlar Arkaik D\u00f6nem\u2019de domestik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kutsal alanlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\nK\u00fclt kontekstlerinde kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle kutsal yemekleri ve t\u0131bbi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri haz\u0131rlama ama\u00e7l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\nNaukratis\u2019te bulunan ve Apollon\u2019a adanan mortarlar bu bak\u0131mdan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Olduk\u00e7a nadir\n\nolan bu \u00f6rnekler kutsal alanlarda mortarlar\u0131n i\u015flevine dair veri sunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dczerlerinde kaz\u0131ma tekni-\n\u011fiyle i\u015flenmi\u015f \u201cApollon\u201d ifadesinin bulunmas\u0131 adak olarak kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda\n\nSamos Heraion, Pedasa Athena kutsal alan\u0131 ve Korinth Asklepieion\u2019da adak olarak kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.\n\nAyr\u0131ca Demeter, Artemis ve Aphrodite kutsal alanlar\u0131nda da kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Adak olarak kulla-\nn\u0131m\u0131na paralel olarak kutsal alanlarda mortarlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 rit\u00fcel yemeklerin haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla\n\na\u00e7\u0131klanabilir. Naukratis \u00f6rne\u011finden yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak adak yaz\u0131t\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan mortarlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, kutsal alanlarda\n\u00f6nemli bir amaca hizmet ettiklerini g\u00f6stermektedir.\nMortarlar\u0131n erken \u00f6rnekleri tipolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan konik formda olup yass\u0131 tabanl\u0131d\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a\n\u00f6zg\u00fc olan bu forma, Do\u011fu Akdeniz d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Akdeniz ve Karadeniz\u2019de de rastlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130talya ve\n\n\u0130spanya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Kuzey Afrika\u2019da ithal ve yerel \u00fcretim \u00f6rneklerin bir arada bulundu\u011fu \u00f6rnekler bi-\nlinmektedir. Ionia kolonilerinin Karadeniz\u2019deki faaliyetleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu durum \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de-\n\u011fildir. Bu bak\u0131mdan K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda \u00fcretim merkezi olarak Ionia da unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Levant\n\nB\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde Ashkelon\u2019da bulunan Do\u011fu Yunan \u00fcretimi seramikler aras\u0131nda Ionia kaseleri, oinokhoe,\nhydria, ticari amphoralar ve pi\u015firme kaplar\u0131na ek olarak mortarlar da yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan Arkaik\n\nD\u00f6nem\u2019de K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda Do\u011fu Yunan kentlerinin de \u00fcretim merkezi olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi kuvvetlen-\nmektedir. Miletos, Klazomenai, Ephesos ve Knidos\/Emecik\u2019te ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kaz\u0131lar mortarlar\u0131n Ionia\u2019daki\n\nkullan\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda fikir vermektedir. Yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak M\u00d6 500\u2019lerden itibaren Akdeniz\u2019in bir\u00e7ok nokta-\ns\u0131nda mortarlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e h\u00e2kim olan Fenike-K\u0131br\u0131s pazar\u0131n\u0131 muhtemelen\n\nbu tarihten itibaren Korinth ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.\nDo\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de geni\u015f bir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m g\u00f6steren mortarlar\u0131n \u00fcretim merkezi \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar,\nara\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n kapsam\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Bu bak\u0131mdan kil analizleri, mortarlar\u0131n \u00fcretim merkezi konusuna y\u00f6n verecek arkeolojik verilerdir. Ashkelon, Mesad Hashavyahu, Tell Kabri, Nauktratis\n\ngibi \u00e7e\u015fitli yerle\u015fimlerden al\u0131nan \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan kil analizleri genel olarak K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019\u0131 i\u015faret etmek-\ntedir. Ancak az say\u0131da \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan kil analizleri Kuzey Suriye ve Do\u011fu Yunan yerle\u015fimlerinin\n\nde \u00fcretim merkezi olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bennet ve Blakely, Kuzeydo\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de, K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta ya da\n\nolas\u0131l\u0131kla M\u00d6 8. ve 7. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ege, Kuzey Afrika ve Levan\u2019ta mortar ihra\u00e7 edilerek Kuzey Suriye at\u00f6lyele-\nrinin uzmanl\u0131k elde etti\u011fini kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Arkaik D\u00f6nem itibariyle baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin mortar \u00fcretiminde\n\nuzmanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmektedir.\nMortarlar\u0131n domestik k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait bir kap olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131man\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kutsal alanlarda adak e\u015fyas\u0131\nolarak kullan\u0131m g\u00f6rmeleri kaplar\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir anlam kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Tekta\u015f\nBurnu, Pabu\u00e7 Burnu ve \u00c7ayca\u011f\u0131z Koyu bat\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kargolar\u0131nda mortarlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, bu kaplar\u0131n Arkaik\nD\u00f6nem\u2019de ticari obje stat\u00fcs\u00fc kazanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret etmektedir. Bu bak\u0131mdan Arkaik D\u00f6nem\u2019de\nb\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131 ticari ili\u015fkilerin kavranmas\u0131nda mortarlar\u0131n rol\u00fc g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Click here to download.<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Eski\u015fehir Keskaya\u2019dan Yeni Bir Yontmata\u015f Hammadde Kayna\u011f\u0131: K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00c7akmakta\u015f\u0131<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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A New Source Of Chipped Stone Raw Material From Keskaya In Eskisehir: Red Flint<\/i><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ferhat ER\u0130KAN<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septem Artes 1 (2023) 55-64 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984636<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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From the very beginning of human history, stones have been significant elements for humans. Stones\nfound use in many areas such as hunting, sheltering, and facilitating work when necessary. The adventure of\nhuman beings first started with pebble tools, gradually turned into bifacial tools, then to bits and scrapers\nproduced with Levallois technology, and later to bits with crescent and microlith tools; this progress\npeaked with the Neolithic Age when new tool types began to emerge with the development of agriculture\nand animal husbandry. Flint, chert, quartz, and obsidian were the most commonly used raw materials\nfor the production of these tools. Eskisehir is a region with an abundance of raw materials other than\nobsidian. Although allegedly obsidian can be found on the slopes of Kalabak Mountain in Eski\u015fehir, there\nis no evidence that this resource is suitable for use. Studies conducted in the vicinity of Eskisehir have not\nconcentrated on the research of raw materials used in the production of chipped stone tools; nevertheless,\nthis study will introduce some resources, albeit limited. Knowledge of these resources will provide a further\nunderstanding of the extent of awareness that the prehistoric people had of the environment around their\nsettlements and how much they benefited from the resources found in this environment. This study\nfocuses on a red-coloured flint deposit found in the vicinity of the settlement called Keskaya, located in\nthe G\u00f6k\u00e7ek\u0131s\u0131k Quarter of Eski\u015fehir, and the ways it was exploited by the settlers to make chipped stone\ntools. The study aims to determine the relationship between the settlement and the raw material source\nand to understand to what extent the resource was used by the settlement. For this purpose, surveys\nwere conducted around the settlement and raw material sources were first identified. Afterwards, the\nred-coloured flint wastes identified on the settlement were collected and prepared for analysis. The XRF\nanalyses performed on the samples obtained from this resource and the production residues taken from\nthe settlement revealed that the red-coloured flint deposit was used by the Keskaya settlers during the\nChalcolithic Period to produce chipped stone tools. In addition, it was determined that this flint resource\nhad been known and used for tool production at least since the Middle Palaeolithic. The red-coloured\nflint resource is important since it is the closest raw material source to the settlement. The proximity of the\nsource to the settlement allowed the settlers to access the raw material with less effort, which in turn enabled\nthem to make tools from red-coloured flint according to their needs. During the surveys conducted on the\nsettlement, the cores and production residues made of this flint showed that the resource was used for the\nproduction of chipped stone tools. In addition, XRF analyses of these samples and the source proved a\nsimilarity of 95%. This is important in terms of proving that the red-coloured flint resource was used by\nthe settlers for toolmaking. The large flakes recovered during the investigations on the source indicate that\nthis resource was known and used at least since the Middle Palaeolithic Age. Other raw material sources\ncan be identified with more comprehensive research to be conducted around the settlement. Another raw\nmaterial source was found 15 km away from the Keskaya settlement, on the banks of the Porsuk Dam.\nThis source consisting of green-coloured flintstone spreads over an area of about 1 km in blocks along\nthe banks of the Porsuk Dam. It is not yet clear whether this source of green-coloured flint was used\nby the inhabitants of Keskaya unlike the red-coloured flint deposit located near the settlement which\nwas certainly used. The source may have been exploited by another Chalcolithic settlement; the Orman\nFidanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 settlement located 10 km north of Keskaya. Although not currently known, the Keskaya settlers\nmay have used the red-coloured flint from this source for exchange with the neighbouring settlements. The\ndata collected from the Keskaya settlement indicate that this resource was actively used not only during\nthe Chalcolithic Period but also during the Middle Palaeolithic. This red-coloured flint deposit, which is\nprobably not difficult to notice due to its colour, has been attention-grabbing at all periods. Considering\nthat the obsidian recovered from the Keskaya settlement originated from Central Anatolia, it can be\nassumed that the red-coloured flint was distributed, if not as much as obsidian, at least to the surrounding\nsettlements. More comprehensive studies in the vicinity of the settlement in the future will undoubtedly\nreveal a greater variety of raw materials. In addition, similar analytical studies on these raw materials will\nprovide insight into their distribution and utilization by the settlements and the raw material-settlement\nrelations. Nevertheless, the data collected from the Keskaya settlement will lead to the continuation of such\nstudies.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Click here to download.<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Antandros Y\u00fczey Ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131nda Tespit Edilen Amphora M\u00fch\u00fcrleri \u00dczerine \u0130lk G\u00f6zlemler<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Preliminary Observations on the Amphora Stamps Discovered in the Survey in Antandros<\/i><\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Evren A\u00c7AR<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Septem Artes 1 (2023) 65-78 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984695<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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This paper deals with six amphora stamps discovered on the northern slope of Kaleta\u015f\u0131 hill, identified\nas the city\u2019s acropolis, during the survey carried out in Antandros in 2000. These s tamps c omprise fi ve examples with identified o rigins f rom S amothrace, C nidus, R hodes a nd P armeniskos a nd N ikandros\nGroups. Additionally, another example shares similarities with a stamp unearthed during the excavations in\nAssos. While the origin of this stamp remains uncertain, it suggests a production centre in Western Anatolia.\nThe p aper m ay b e d eemed n oteworthy f or b eing t he fi rst pu blication on th e st amped ha ndles found in\nand around Antandros. Through the evidence presented, it provides insights into the potential wine trade\nand trade routes between Antandros and centres such as Samothrace, Macedonia (Parmeniskos Group),\nCnidus, Rhodes, and Western Anatolia (Nikandros Group) between the 3rd and early 1st century BC.\nAmphora Stamps Discovered in the Survey in Antandros\nCat. No.1, Samothrace\nThe circular stamp discovered on the northern slope of the acropolis (present-day Kaleta\u015f\u0131 hill) depicts a\nwoman\u2019s head in profile, facing to the right in the centre. Based on a similar example found on Samothrace\nIsland, stamp No. 1 can also be dated to the 3rd century BC.\nCat. No. 2 Parmeniskos Group\nStamp No. 2, found on the northern slope of the acropolis, has a monogram formed by the letters \u201c\u039c, \u0397, \u039f,\n\u03a9, \u03a6\u201d in ligature, in a rectangular field on the neck. The closest example of this stamp was found in Pella in\nMacedonia. The stamp is dated between the early 3rd – early 2nd centuries BC based on similar examples.\nThe excavations in Antandros in the subsequent years have revealed three more examples produced by the\nsame die as this stamp.\nCat. No. 3 Cnidus\nThe stamp found on the northern slope of the acropolis bears the names of the fabricant (Dionysios) and\neponym (Sosiphron). As the inscription \u039a\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (in genitive) indicates, it originated from Cnidus. Stamp\nNo. 3, restored based on a similar example from Delos, is dated to the late 2nd – early 1st century BC.\nCat. No. 4 Rhodes\nStamp No. 4 is a half-preserved rectangular Rhodian stamp bearing the depiction of a bunch of grapes.\nA similar example from Alexandria also bears a bunch of grapes and the inscription \u039b\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 (in genitive)\nnaming the fabricant. In contrast, the half bearing the fabricant on the example from Antandros is missing.\nBoth examples share similar characteristics in terms of clay and form. The example from Antandros has\nbeen dated to the second half of the 2nd century BC-early 1st century BC based on the similar example\nfrom Alexandria.\nCat. No. 5 Nikandros Group\nStamp No. 5, whose clay and inclusions share common characteristics with the Nikandros group, is\nclassified in the less informative group due to the monogram in ligature on the handle. It is a rectangular\nstamp bearing a monogram in the shape of \u201cE\u201d in ligature. The letter on the left of the stamp is illegible. An\nexample from Ephesos similar in design has been dated to the late 3rd-early 2nd century BC. The example\nfrom Antandros should also be from this period.\nCat. No. 6 Western Anatolia?\nThis stamp, probably produced in Western Anatolia, is of uncertain origin. The handle of the amphora has\na total of eight depressions arranged in two rows of four, side by side. Instead of a stamp, the design on the\nvessel, which is of an unknown date, can be interpreted as the mark or decoration used by the workshop\nthat produced the vessel.\n\nConclusion\nAmphorae and amphora stamps provide crucial evidence regarding an ancient city\u2019s trade route or\nroutes, its trade volume, and the products it exported. This paper covers inferences on Antandros based on\nthe information provided by six amphora stamps found on the northern slope of the acropolis of the city\n(Kaleta\u015f\u0131 hill) during the survey conducted in Antandros in 2000.\nThe necropolis of Antandros remained continuously in use for approximately 750 years. The fact that\nthe tradition of cremation, rarely observed in the Late Classical Period in this necropolis, re-emerged\nprominently in the Hellenistic Period is interpreted as an indication that a distinct community was brought\nfrom outside and settled in Antandros at the beginning of the Hellenistic Period. Stamp No. 5, identified as\nfalling under the Parmeniskos Group and sharing the same die with three examples discovered during the\nexcavations at Antandros, raises the question of whether this new community that arrived in Antandros\nduring the Hellenistic Period was of Macedonian origin.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
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Contents \u0130\u00e7 Bat\u0131 Anadolu Mimarisi: Neolitik\u2019ten Demir \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019na Yerle\u015fmelerin Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 ve Geli\u015fimi The Architecture of Central Western Anatolia: The Beginning and Development of Settlements from the Neolithic Period to the Iron Age Erkan F\u0130DAN Septem Artes 1 (2023) 1-16 | DOI: 10.5281\/zenodo.7984514 Summary This research aims to illustrate the architectural development from the Neolithic until […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6748","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6748","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6748"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6748\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6962,"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6748\/revisions\/6962"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/septemartes.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6748"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}