İç Batı Anadolu Mimarisi: Neolitik’ten Demir Çağı’na Yerleşmelerin Başlangıcı ve Gelişimi
The Architecture of Central Western Anatolia: The Beginning and Development of Settlements from the Neolithic Period to the Iron Age
Erkan FİDAN
Septem Artes 1 (2023) 1-16 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7984514
Summary This research aims to illustrate the architectural development from the Neolithic until the Iron Age in Central Western Anatolia, covering the area between Central Anatolia and the Aegean coast. Bilecik Bahçelievler from ca. 7000 BC is the oldest known open-air settlement in this region so far. Other settlements from the later stages of the same millennium include Barcın, Bademağacı, and Ekşi Höyük, all from different parts of Central Western Anatolia. The northwestern part of the region stands out with the Neolithic Fikirtepe Culture, characterized by wattle-and-daub pit-houses with a circular or oval plan. The architectural development in the Early Chalcolithic can be observed in Ilıpınar and Aktopraklık, whereas the later stages of the Chalcolithic are relatively poor in appearance. During this period, safe shelters in caves or on natural heights replaced the lowland settlements from previous periods. The few architectural remains
from this later stage of the Chalcolithic demonstrate a poorer quality. Some scholars claim a link between
the architectural regression of this period with climate change. The region seems to have been densely resettled for the first time at the end of the Chalcolithic; especially the end of the 4th and the 3rd millennia provide strong evidence of architectural remains. The middle of the 3rd millennium BC witnessed a population explosion. Another significant contribution of this period has been the first evidence of administrative buildings which, for the first time in this region, reflect the presence of a ruling elite in settlement planning. Settlements typically smaller than 4-5 ha in size include Demircihüyük, Küllüoba, Keçiçayırı,
and Seyitömer in the North; Kandilkırı, Kaklık, and Karaoğlan Mevkii at the center; as well as Hacılar
Büyük Höyük, Karataş-Semayük, and Bademağacı in the southern Antalya-Burdur region, all of which
comprise adjacent buildings, surrounding a court at the center. These sites were designed as self-enclosed settlements housing a limited number of residents. In the relatively large settlement of Beycesultan, the layers belonging to the 3rd millennium BC could only be partly excavated. Another large settlement of the
region is Tavşanlı Höyük, where archaeological excavations have just started. However, geoarchaeological
results suggest an extended lower city with house blocks surrounded by neatly designed streets. The second half of the 3rd millennium BC is characterized by a transition in the region. In this era of centralization, small settlements have been mostly abandoned, whereas central settlements of larger sizes have been es-
tablished. This phenomenon is usually explained by climate change. The following 2nd millennium BC defines the first real urbanization in this region with the appearance of the earliest monumental palaces. The low number of excavations related to this era, however, prevents a clear picture of the region. Around 1200
BC, which coincides with the end of the Bronze Age, the number of settlements in this region dropped
dramatically. The few surviving settlements represent the character of small villages.
Download PDFSeramiklerde Yer Alan Yazıların Tespiti ve Korunmasına Yönelik Önlemler: Geç Antik ve Bizans Dönemi Örnekleri Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme
Precautions for Detection and Protection of Inscriptions on Ceramics: Evaluation on Examples from Late Antiquity and Byzantine Period
Ülkü KARA
Septem Artes 1 (2023) 17-28 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7984577
Along with pottery, other ceramic objects were produced and used for various purposes in antiquity. Almost all of these pottery and object groups are known to bear inscriptions on them. These inscriptions might indicate their functions or the objects may serve as writing materials in the secondary context. The
pottery and objects that served as writing materials are defined as “ostraca” (sg. ostracon). The inscriptions regarding the functions of the vessels/objects are also among the most frequently encountered groups of inscribed finds during the excavations. Decorations and inscriptions can be seen only on the exterior surface of intact vessels, whereas on both the interior and exterior surfaces of objects, open-shaped vessels, or broken vessel fragments. Storage, transportation, ceremonial or kitchen/service vessels, architectural object pieces, tiles, bricks, water pipes, bases, unguentaria, pithoi, amphorae etc., form the groups bearing the highest number of inscriptions. There are inscriptions on the surface of the vessels, consisting of more than one line or a single letter. Motifs accompanying the inscriptions, as well as decorations without
inscriptions, can be seen almost everywhere on the vessel or ceramic object. These inscriptions can be
graffito (incised inscriptions) or dipinto (painted/inky inscriptions) or they can also be observed within the stamps. Graffiti on ceramic objects and vessels can be divided into two main groups ante-cocturam (before firing) and post-cocturam (after firing) inscriptions. Dipinti are mostly in dark red, sometimes black, and rarely in other colours. The identification and preservation process of these inscriptions, from
discovery to documentation, from conservation to storage, requires a relatively more careful approach than other artefacts. The main subject of the present study covers the conservation methods and phases which lead these inscriptions into the archaeological literature. In this process, the condition of the arte-
facts and the inscriptions, as well as the technique in which the inscription was written, play a crucial role. Due to the organic ink/paint used to paint the dipinti, these inscriptions rarely have survived to the present day. Moreover, the surviving examples need rapid intervention to prevent them from being erased or destroyed. In the case of graffiti, the degree of abrasion of the surface and the phase inscription was written on (before or after firing) should be considered. The diligent work of archaeologists taking part in the field and laboratory and conservators to whom the artefacts are entrusted is crucial for preserving the inscriptions.
When an intact vessel or shard/shards is recovered, the parts and fragments (depending on the function of the inscription) that may bear inscriptions should be simply examined. The conditions of the find spots of ceramics are crucial for the first precautions to be taken and the preservation of the ceramics. The exam-
ples recovered from densely calcareous soils may be covered with a calcareous layer, while those from the
sea may be covered with shells. The first practice to determine the presence of inscriptions is mechanical cleaning. Besides, epigraphical, or unepigraphic stamps can also be counted among the finds requiring a
cautious approach and preservation considering the condition of the surface they imprinted on. Although rare, in some examples, the inscriptions or stamps can be applied to the surfaces formed by other materials on potteries. Puzzolana and puzzolana-like mortars, clay, and resin might be highlighted as examples of these surfaces. In addition, there is able to be some problems that come up during preservation and
conservation. The chronological scope of this study covers the Late Antiquity and the Byzantine Period.
Uzayın ve Geometrinin Doğası Üzerine Titanların Mücadelesi: Newton, Leibniz, Kant ve Gauss
The Clash Of The Titan’s On The Nature Of Space And Geometry: Newton, Leibniz, Kant and Gauss
Dinçer ÇEVİK
Septem Artes 1 (2023) 29-42 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7984600
Being fundamental problems of ontology and epistemology, space and time play an important role in natural sciences and philosophical systems. The discussions on the nature of space can be traced back to ancient times. On the other hand, at the end of his analysis of Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s arguments on the nature of space and time, Immanuel Kant called them as pure forms of intuition, which is
one of the milestones in the history of philosophy. Pursuant to his analysis, Kant shapes his own philosophy of space and geometry. Determining space and time as pure forms of intuition is an important part of what is called “Copernican Revolution”.
The first step in the nature of space’s ontological analysis requires examining the “absolute space” and
“relational space” debate between Newton and Leibniz, which is among the historical roots of this history, and the position taken by Kant between these two conceptions. Although Newton originally formulated his conception of space and time in response to another rationalist René Descartes’s views, by the turn of the eighteenth century, Newton and his supporters were a party to an extensive debate with Leibniz and his followers. While Newton established absolute space as a substantive entity and argued that the human
mind cannot grasp the sensory content of this substantial entity, Leibniz perceives the space as a continuous relationship between things in the world and argues that the human mind can grasp it through the process of abstraction.
According to Kant, mathematics, is a body of synthetic a priori knowledge and the pure forms of intuitions, space and time, are the formal conditions for all possible experience. For Kant mathematical
knowledge is objectively valid for all possible experiences by means of pure forms of intuitions. In particular, arithmetic is concerned with the pure intuition of time; Geometry, with the pure intuition of space.
Kant’s fundamental question problematizes the epistemological state of the axioms of geometry. If these axioms were not analytical truths, they had to be synthetic. On the other hand, synthetic propositions do not contain necessary links. Kant’s theory of space and geometry stands in contrast to that of Leibniz, whose account of space is in-
telligible through arguments in his Discourse on Metaphysics and Monadology. His arguments are based
on principles of Sufficent Reason and The Identity of Indiscernibles which translates no two objects have
exactly the same properties. Leibniz claims that the principle of sufficent reason is required if we are to pur-
sue mathematics to metaphysics and natural sciences. Hence, in the article based on these two principles
Leibniz’s argument on the nature of space against Newton is reconstructed.
Carl F. Gauss is another important figure in the history and philosophy of geometry. Above all, Gauss
was one of the pioneers of non-Euclidean geometry. According to Kant, real geometry should be Euclidean,
while Gauss attempts to indicate the possibility of different geometries. Although Gauss was successful
in showing that other geometries were possible, he hesitated to publish his work, fearing “the Boethian
clamor”. Newtonian physics was the dominant paradigm when Gauss continued his studies on space. As
stated in the chapter on Newton’s understanding of space, real, absolute and mathematical space had to be
Euclidean for Newton.
In this context, first I examine the claims made by Leibniz and Newton on the nature of space. Then, I
will present my analysis as to how Kant was affected by his reading of Leibniz-Kant correspondence. Lastly,
I will locate Gauss, who is among the most influential mathematicians, within the context of discussions
on the nature of space and geometry. At the end of the analysis, it will be seen that comparing Gauss and
Kant in the context of nature and geometry would result in more similarities and differences claimed.
Archaic Mortaria: Observations on their Distributions and Use in the Eastern Mediterranean
Arkaik Mortarlar: Doğu Akdeniz’deki Dağılım ve Kullanımları Üzerine Bir Gözlem
Gamze HASDEMİR-BOZKUŞ
Septem Artes 1 (2023) 43-54 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7984619
Bu çalışma MÖ. 8. yüzyıldan itibaren görülmeye başlanan ve Arkaik Dönem’de daha yaygın hale gelen
mortarların ticari faaliyetlerdeki yerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Mortarların en erken örnekleri Neolitik Dönem’de kullanılmış olmalıdır. “Ezgi Taşı” olarak bilinen bu taş kapların mortarların prototipi olduğu belirtilmektedir. Tunç Çağı’nda ise üç ayaklı kâse biçiminde taş
malzemeden yapılan mortarlar genel olarak öncü örnekler olarak kabul edilmektedir. Arkaik Dönem’de
taş malzemenin yerini pişmiş toprağın aldığı görülmektedir. Ancak Klasik Dönem ile tekrar taş örnek-
lerin piyasaya girdiği söylenmelidir. Mortarların üretiminde yaşanan bu malzeme değişikliğini dikkatli
yorumlamak gerekmektedir. Kültürel alış-verişin getirdiği yeniliklerle beraber değişen ve gelişen mutfak
kültürünün de etkisi bulunmaktadır.
Taşıma ve kullanma açısından pratik olan mortarlar, öncelikle domestik kültürde kullanım görmüştür.
Antik Dönem’de mutfak kültürünün bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Havaneli ile kullanılan bu kaplar, çeşitli
yiyecek ve baharatların öğütülmesi ya da ezilmesini sağlamıştır. Öğütme-ezme işlevine ek olarak içerisin-
de yemeklerin de hazırlanması ve soslu ya da baharatlı peynirlerin yapımında mortarların kullanılması
çok fonksiyonlu olduklarını göstermektedir. Ayrıca mortarların zemininde görünen aşınma izleri havaneli
kullanımından kaynaklanan ağır bir işleme maruz kaldıklarını göstermektedir.
MÖ. 8. yüzyıldan itibaren Doğu Akdeniz’in birçok yerleşiminde varlıkları bilinmektedir. Mortarlar ge-
nel olarak, uzak mesafe ticaretinin en büyük göstergesi olan ticari amphoralarla birlikte seyahat etmiştir.
Mortarların gemi kargolarında amphoralarla birlikte görülmeleri, kullanımı açısından tartışmalara neden
olmuştur. Bu bakımdan ölçü kabı olarak kullanılmış olabilecekleri belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca arpa, buğday ve çe-
şitli kuru gıdalar ile yağ (zeytin yağı?) gibi gıdaların ölçüm işleminde (ölçü aracı olarak) kullanılmış olabi-
lecekleri ifade edilmiştir. Bu kullanımlara ek olarak ölü gömme ritüellerinde, mezar hediyesi, urne, pithos
ve amphora kapağı olarak da kullanım görmüştür.
Mortarlar Arkaik Dönem’de domestik kültürün dışında kutsal alanlarda da görülmeye başlanmıştır.
Kült kontekstlerinde kullanımı öncelikle kutsal yemekleri ve tıbbi ürünleri hazırlama amaçlı olmalıdır.
Naukratis’te bulunan ve Apollon’a adanan mortarlar bu bakımdan oldukça önemlidir. Oldukça nadir
olan bu örnekler kutsal alanlarda mortarların işlevine dair veri sunmaktadır. Üzerlerinde kazıma tekni-
ğiyle işlenmiş “Apollon” ifadesinin bulunması adak olarak kullanımını doğrulamaktadır. Bunun dışında
Samos Heraion, Pedasa Athena kutsal alanı ve Korinth Asklepieion’da adak olarak karşılaşılmaktadır.
Ayrıca Demeter, Artemis ve Aphrodite kutsal alanlarında da kullanım görmüştür. Adak olarak kulla-
nımına paralel olarak kutsal alanlarda mortarların bulunması ritüel yemeklerin hazırlanmış olmasıyla
açıklanabilir. Naukratis örneğinden yola çıkılarak adak yazıtı taşıyan mortarların varlığı, kutsal alanlarda
önemli bir amaca hizmet ettiklerini göstermektedir.
Mortarların erken örnekleri tipolojik açıdan konik formda olup yassı tabanlıdır. Daha çok Kıbrıs’a
özgü olan bu forma, Doğu Akdeniz dışında Batı Akdeniz ve Karadeniz’de de rastlanmaktadır. İtalya ve
İspanya’nın yanında Kuzey Afrika’da ithal ve yerel üretim örneklerin bir arada bulunduğu örnekler bi-
linmektedir. Ionia kolonilerinin Karadeniz’deki faaliyetleri göz önüne alındığında bu durum şaşırtıcı de-
ğildir. Bu bakımdan Kıbrıs’ın yanında üretim merkezi olarak Ionia da unutulmamalıdır. Ayrıca Levant
Bölgesi’nde Ashkelon’da bulunan Doğu Yunan üretimi seramikler arasında Ionia kaseleri, oinokhoe,
hydria, ticari amphoralar ve pişirme kaplarına ek olarak mortarlar da yer almaktadır. Bu bakımdan Arkaik
Dönem’de Kıbrıs’ın yanında Doğu Yunan kentlerinin de üretim merkezi olabileceği düşüncesi kuvvetlen-
mektedir. Miletos, Klazomenai, Ephesos ve Knidos/Emecik’te gerçekleştirilen kazılar mortarların Ionia’daki
kullanımı hakkında fikir vermektedir. Yaklaşık olarak MÖ 500’lerden itibaren Akdeniz’in birçok nokta-
sında mortarları görmek mümkündür. Doğu Akdeniz’e hâkim olan Fenike-Kıbrıs pazarını muhtemelen
bu tarihten itibaren Korinth ele geçirmiştir.
Doğu Akdeniz’de geniş bir dağılım gösteren mortarların üretim merkezi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar,
araştırmanın kapsamı açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu bakımdan kil analizleri, mortarların üretim merkezi konusuna yön verecek arkeolojik verilerdir. Ashkelon, Mesad Hashavyahu, Tell Kabri, Nauktratis
gibi çeşitli yerleşimlerden alınan örnekler üzerinde yapılan kil analizleri genel olarak Kıbrıs’ı işaret etmek-
tedir. Ancak az sayıda örnek üzerinde yapılan kil analizleri Kuzey Suriye ve Doğu Yunan yerleşimlerinin
de üretim merkezi olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bennet ve Blakely, Kuzeydoğu Akdeniz’de, Kıbrıs’ta ya da
olasılıkla MÖ 8. ve 7. yüzyılda Ege, Kuzey Afrika ve Levan’ta mortar ihraç edilerek Kuzey Suriye atölyele-
rinin uzmanlık elde ettiğini kabul etmişlerdir. Arkaik Dönem itibariyle bazı bölgelerin mortar üretiminde
uzmanlaşmış olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.
Mortarların domestik kültüre ait bir kap olma özelliği taşımanın yanı sıra kutsal alanlarda adak eşyası
olarak kullanım görmeleri kapların farklı bir anlam kazandığına işaret etmektedir. Bunların yanı sıra Tektaş
Burnu, Pabuç Burnu ve Çaycağız Koyu batıklarının kargolarında mortarların bulunması, bu kapların Arkaik
Dönem’de ticari obje statüsü kazanmış olabileceğine işaret etmektedir. Bu bakımdan Arkaik Dönem’de
bölgeler arası ticari ilişkilerin kavranmasında mortarların rolü göz ardı edilmemelidir.
Eskişehir Keskaya’dan Yeni Bir Yontmataş Hammadde Kaynağı: Kırmızı Çakmaktaşı
A New Source Of Chipped Stone Raw Material From Keskaya In Eskisehir: Red Flint
Ferhat ERİKAN
Septem Artes 1 (2023) 55-64 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7984636
From the very beginning of human history, stones have been significant elements for humans. Stones
found use in many areas such as hunting, sheltering, and facilitating work when necessary. The adventure of
human beings first started with pebble tools, gradually turned into bifacial tools, then to bits and scrapers
produced with Levallois technology, and later to bits with crescent and microlith tools; this progress
peaked with the Neolithic Age when new tool types began to emerge with the development of agriculture
and animal husbandry. Flint, chert, quartz, and obsidian were the most commonly used raw materials
for the production of these tools. Eskisehir is a region with an abundance of raw materials other than
obsidian. Although allegedly obsidian can be found on the slopes of Kalabak Mountain in Eskişehir, there
is no evidence that this resource is suitable for use. Studies conducted in the vicinity of Eskisehir have not
concentrated on the research of raw materials used in the production of chipped stone tools; nevertheless,
this study will introduce some resources, albeit limited. Knowledge of these resources will provide a further
understanding of the extent of awareness that the prehistoric people had of the environment around their
settlements and how much they benefited from the resources found in this environment. This study
focuses on a red-coloured flint deposit found in the vicinity of the settlement called Keskaya, located in
the Gökçekısık Quarter of Eskişehir, and the ways it was exploited by the settlers to make chipped stone
tools. The study aims to determine the relationship between the settlement and the raw material source
and to understand to what extent the resource was used by the settlement. For this purpose, surveys
were conducted around the settlement and raw material sources were first identified. Afterwards, the
red-coloured flint wastes identified on the settlement were collected and prepared for analysis. The XRF
analyses performed on the samples obtained from this resource and the production residues taken from
the settlement revealed that the red-coloured flint deposit was used by the Keskaya settlers during the
Chalcolithic Period to produce chipped stone tools. In addition, it was determined that this flint resource
had been known and used for tool production at least since the Middle Palaeolithic. The red-coloured
flint resource is important since it is the closest raw material source to the settlement. The proximity of the
source to the settlement allowed the settlers to access the raw material with less effort, which in turn enabled
them to make tools from red-coloured flint according to their needs. During the surveys conducted on the
settlement, the cores and production residues made of this flint showed that the resource was used for the
production of chipped stone tools. In addition, XRF analyses of these samples and the source proved a
similarity of 95%. This is important in terms of proving that the red-coloured flint resource was used by
the settlers for toolmaking. The large flakes recovered during the investigations on the source indicate that
this resource was known and used at least since the Middle Palaeolithic Age. Other raw material sources
can be identified with more comprehensive research to be conducted around the settlement. Another raw
material source was found 15 km away from the Keskaya settlement, on the banks of the Porsuk Dam.
This source consisting of green-coloured flintstone spreads over an area of about 1 km in blocks along
the banks of the Porsuk Dam. It is not yet clear whether this source of green-coloured flint was used
by the inhabitants of Keskaya unlike the red-coloured flint deposit located near the settlement which
was certainly used. The source may have been exploited by another Chalcolithic settlement; the Orman
Fidanlığı settlement located 10 km north of Keskaya. Although not currently known, the Keskaya settlers
may have used the red-coloured flint from this source for exchange with the neighbouring settlements. The
data collected from the Keskaya settlement indicate that this resource was actively used not only during
the Chalcolithic Period but also during the Middle Palaeolithic. This red-coloured flint deposit, which is
probably not difficult to notice due to its colour, has been attention-grabbing at all periods. Considering
that the obsidian recovered from the Keskaya settlement originated from Central Anatolia, it can be
assumed that the red-coloured flint was distributed, if not as much as obsidian, at least to the surrounding
settlements. More comprehensive studies in the vicinity of the settlement in the future will undoubtedly
reveal a greater variety of raw materials. In addition, similar analytical studies on these raw materials will
provide insight into their distribution and utilization by the settlements and the raw material-settlement
relations. Nevertheless, the data collected from the Keskaya settlement will lead to the continuation of such
studies.
Antandros Yüzey Araştırmasında Tespit Edilen Amphora Mühürleri Üzerine İlk Gözlemler
Preliminary Observations on the Amphora Stamps Discovered in the Survey in Antandros
Evren AÇAR
Septem Artes 1 (2023) 65-78 | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7984695
This paper deals with six amphora stamps discovered on the northern slope of Kaletaşı hill, identified
as the city’s acropolis, during the survey carried out in Antandros in 2000. These s tamps c omprise fi ve examples with identified o rigins f rom S amothrace, C nidus, R hodes a nd P armeniskos a nd N ikandros
Groups. Additionally, another example shares similarities with a stamp unearthed during the excavations in
Assos. While the origin of this stamp remains uncertain, it suggests a production centre in Western Anatolia.
The p aper m ay b e d eemed n oteworthy f or b eing t he fi rst pu blication on th e st amped ha ndles found in
and around Antandros. Through the evidence presented, it provides insights into the potential wine trade
and trade routes between Antandros and centres such as Samothrace, Macedonia (Parmeniskos Group),
Cnidus, Rhodes, and Western Anatolia (Nikandros Group) between the 3rd and early 1st century BC.
Amphora Stamps Discovered in the Survey in Antandros
Cat. No.1, Samothrace
The circular stamp discovered on the northern slope of the acropolis (present-day Kaletaşı hill) depicts a
woman’s head in profile, facing to the right in the centre. Based on a similar example found on Samothrace
Island, stamp No. 1 can also be dated to the 3rd century BC.
Cat. No. 2 Parmeniskos Group
Stamp No. 2, found on the northern slope of the acropolis, has a monogram formed by the letters “Μ, Η, Ο,
Ω, Φ” in ligature, in a rectangular field on the neck. The closest example of this stamp was found in Pella in
Macedonia. The stamp is dated between the early 3rd – early 2nd centuries BC based on similar examples.
The excavations in Antandros in the subsequent years have revealed three more examples produced by the
same die as this stamp.
Cat. No. 3 Cnidus
The stamp found on the northern slope of the acropolis bears the names of the fabricant (Dionysios) and
eponym (Sosiphron). As the inscription Κνίδιον (in genitive) indicates, it originated from Cnidus. Stamp
No. 3, restored based on a similar example from Delos, is dated to the late 2nd – early 1st century BC.
Cat. No. 4 Rhodes
Stamp No. 4 is a half-preserved rectangular Rhodian stamp bearing the depiction of a bunch of grapes.
A similar example from Alexandria also bears a bunch of grapes and the inscription Λίνου (in genitive)
naming the fabricant. In contrast, the half bearing the fabricant on the example from Antandros is missing.
Both examples share similar characteristics in terms of clay and form. The example from Antandros has
been dated to the second half of the 2nd century BC-early 1st century BC based on the similar example
from Alexandria.
Cat. No. 5 Nikandros Group
Stamp No. 5, whose clay and inclusions share common characteristics with the Nikandros group, is
classified in the less informative group due to the monogram in ligature on the handle. It is a rectangular
stamp bearing a monogram in the shape of “E” in ligature. The letter on the left of the stamp is illegible. An
example from Ephesos similar in design has been dated to the late 3rd-early 2nd century BC. The example
from Antandros should also be from this period.
Cat. No. 6 Western Anatolia?
This stamp, probably produced in Western Anatolia, is of uncertain origin. The handle of the amphora has
a total of eight depressions arranged in two rows of four, side by side. Instead of a stamp, the design on the
vessel, which is of an unknown date, can be interpreted as the mark or decoration used by the workshop
that produced the vessel.
Conclusion
Amphorae and amphora stamps provide crucial evidence regarding an ancient city’s trade route or
routes, its trade volume, and the products it exported. This paper covers inferences on Antandros based on
the information provided by six amphora stamps found on the northern slope of the acropolis of the city
(Kaletaşı hill) during the survey conducted in Antandros in 2000.
The necropolis of Antandros remained continuously in use for approximately 750 years. The fact that
the tradition of cremation, rarely observed in the Late Classical Period in this necropolis, re-emerged
prominently in the Hellenistic Period is interpreted as an indication that a distinct community was brought
from outside and settled in Antandros at the beginning of the Hellenistic Period. Stamp No. 5, identified as
falling under the Parmeniskos Group and sharing the same die with three examples discovered during the
excavations at Antandros, raises the question of whether this new community that arrived in Antandros
during the Hellenistic Period was of Macedonian origin.
This work is licensed under a 